Putin, Pezeshkian meet in Moscow for third time this year

The third Putin-Pezeshkian meeting this year signals a relationship being institutionalized rather than improvised, with energy cooperation — from the Gas Exporting Countries Forum setting to the Bushehr plant — serving as the visible anchor. The reported double-digit trade growth matters less as a statistic than as evidence that the two economies are deepening ties despite Western pressure. For energy and commodity markets, the question worth watching is whether this coordination extends beyond bilateral trade into how both states position themselves within gas and nuclear supply chains.